Questioning that reaches every student

In a typical lesson, the same four students answer every question and everyone else waits it out. The habit is easy to break.

Ask, pause, then name

Pose the question to the whole class, wait — properly, for several seconds — and only then name who answers. Now everyone has to think, because anyone could be picked.

Everybody responds

Mini whiteboards, a quick poll, think-pair-share: any routine where the whole class commits to an answer beats a single raised hand for telling you what has landed.